Over the past 10 years, Praetorian has tested hundreds of embedded systems, ranging from autonomous vehicles, medical devices, critical infrastructure, and smart consumer devices. Through our collective experience, Praetorian developed techniques and methodologies for testing a large range of IoT systems. In this article, we will go through our methodology to hacking IoT systems, starting with hardware and ending with cloud communications.
Praetorians hack tool
Once we have an understanding of the hardware components, the main areas we focus on hardware security testing are interacting with debug pins, extracting data from memory, and monitoring data over interesting buses (such as between the main microcontroller and the Wi-Fi microcontroller). Some of the common tools we use for testing are multimeters, logic analyzers, and on-chip debuggers (OCD) such as a J-Link. Additionally, things like power supply units (PSU), a soldering bench, and jumper cables are essential to connect to the PCB components.
Hardware and network interfaces are only one piece of the bigger IoT picture, and most of the security vulnerabilities within devices can be found in its running firmware. Praetorian typically receives firmware source code from clients for white-box analysis, however in some cases we only have access to the extracted firmware from hardware testing. In those cases, running a binwalk over the binary will give clues as to what the binary contains of and which components can be further analyzed using reverse engineering tools such as Ghidra. Regardless if we have source code, some of the most important things we analyze are the over-the-air (OTA) update process, shared secrets, device authentication/authorization, and input handling.
So far, we have mainly focused on hacking a single IoT device. However, IoT consists not only of the end device, but the mobile applications, gateway devices, and Cloud backend services that communicate with it. There are two common ways that devices communicate with Cloud services: HTTPS and MQTT. For both of these protocols, we attempt to proxy communications between the IoT device and services. There are often problems in how an IoT device validates server TLS certificates that allow man-in-the-middle attack scenarios.
Our task now is to extract all the DNS packets with Transaction ID of 0x1337 and base64 decode its data to see what is happening. We can utilize our trusty python pcap analysis tool Scapy to handle this task.
My second team built a WiFi Hacking Guide that can teach your Grandmother how to hack WiFi. Seriously, email her the link to the guide. If she has the skills to open her email and click on the link, she has the skills to complete this tutorial. The guide even had a mini Reddit blow-up, receiving over 90,000 views in the first day on r/hacking.
Static testing tools can be applied to non-compiled code to find problems during development. For example, syntax errors, input validation issues, math errors, invalid or insecure references. Additionally, we can run the test with compiled code if applicable using specific binary and byte-code analyzers. Detecting vulnerabilities early in the development process can save your organization a lot of money in the long run. All things considered, testing early can be very beneficial for your organization and speed up the development process while in the same vein creating more secure code and coding practices.
DAST tools are deployed on the application server, it involves hacking an actively running system. Dynamic tests are focused on runtime and environment issues in terms of security. Once the testing is completed, we compile a report containing security vulnerabilities found in the application. These are documented using The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
Preferably DAST should be executed against a system using a production-like environment for maximum accuracy and efficiency. For example, DAST testing tools may help find security vulnerabilities including:
Our SCA tool translates SCA files and dependency files into NST files. Then we run your code through a variety of different engines to find vulnerabilities. When scanning our tools allow us to select rules or rules packs. These can be custom configured and then the project results file is generated and your SCA scan report is ready to review.
Every testing tool and method used will have advantages and disadvantages such as every other facet of our lives. As your trusted experts, we will gather all the information needed and then provide a recommendation based on how we believe your organization can improve.
A combination of SAST and DAST works best in most cases. Otherwise known as a Hybrid Application Security Testing (HAST) approach. For example, if you are in the early stages of the SDLC use SAST to begin analyzing your code. Then, after you have the running application, implement DAST to ensure it is safe before presenting it to real-world users. Additionally, you can cross-reference results from SAST and DAST tools to identify which potential vulnerabilities (identified by SAST tools) are exploitable (identified by DAST tools). This allows your team to gain the highest level of threat insight to make the best decisions moving forward.
Permissive cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) security settings in Amazon AWS and other environments are a major root cause for credential leakage according to Truffle Security, the developers of the tool.
Sood developed the tool with Rohit Bansal, principal security researcher at SecNiche Security Labs. Other functions built into Enfilade include the ability to check access permission for potentially susceptibility to remote code execution attacks and user enumeration.
During lateral movement attacks, miscreants typically seek to access a server that their original victim would not have access to, and to do so, they will need to hack privileged accounts such as sysadmins.
Ive added the destroyer and centurion, spartan, and praetorian on my cherno map and altis, they both work but you need to hack them for it to be active and this is a pain for flayers to do so if they are far away.
Another huge opportunity I received was leading the IoT security training in our Austin office. I had begun to specialize my work in our IoT service line, and the company was planning on doubling our revenue for IoT assessments. We were quickly in need of more security training, and my name was the first to be selected. The office had its own workbench with various hardware hacking tools, and I became the go-to person for hands-on training with new security engineers. This was the first step to becoming a force-multiplier in the company.
However, I would also say that the Staff Engineer role for consulting would look similar to the in-house Staff Tech Lead or Staff Architect archetype. During consulting work, the Staff Security Engineer operates as a Tech Lead and guides the direction of a given project. Outside billable work, the Staff Security Engineers operate as an Architect and are responsible for supporting all Security Engineers and spearheading company initiatives. We also focus on increasing efficiency within projects, improving the quality of our tools, and even building new practices.
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Do-GooderFilmTV seriesFull NameAngela BennettAlias(es)AngelOriginThe Net (1995 film)OccupationComputer systems analystPowers/SkillsComputer skills including hacking and expertise in softwareHobbyWeb chatGoalsTo expose the conspiracy of the Praetorians
Get her life back
FamilyMrs. Bennett (Mother)Friends/AlliesDale HessmanAlan ChampionBob FoxEnemiesJack DevlinRuth MarxJeff GreggType of HeroComputer ProgrammerAngela Bennett is the main protagonist of 1995's The Net and the 1997 series of the same name. In the movie she is played by Sandra Bullock and in the series, she is played by Brooke Langton.
In time she discovers that the conspirators are the Praetorians, led by CEO Jeff Gregg, head of software company Gregg Microsystems who also killed the Undersecretary of Defense Michael Bergstrom through cyberterrorism, because he had become an obstacle to their plans. The program was a tool of the Praetorians in order to enable this death.
I do not think the mod in question was set up to be installed via this tool, but if there isn't some special process to do that then this is a general bug. Otherwise, I need to figure out a way to remove the files, settings, or data causing this error
I wanted a quick and easy way to tell just by looking just what you were dealing with. Now, I wanted to do this as an example to others that any idiot (even ME!) can use my DeTexturizer tool, extract the image from a texture file, modify it, Texturize it again, and throw it into a Mod that other players can use! Honestly, it took like no graphics skills to do this, and I expect someone else with better skills than me to come around at some point and make an even BETTER version of this mod that looks nicer and slicker and doesn't make people strain their eyes to notice a tiny black "1"!
I have a request. I'll be specific, but maybe it can be done more widespread. Cauterizing Aura from the blaster secondary pool is way to damn loud. Could it be toned down, turned off, changed? Come to think of it, Fire Shield from the Epic Power Pool for blasters is pretty annoying as well. And thank you all for the mods you make, just found out about this tool, this week. really enjoy playin' around with it! 2ff7e9595c
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